Greatest Paintings, Sculpture and Architecture of All Time - Lounge

AfterHours · 2017-02-22T05:05:28-05:00

Recommendations and suggestions welcome. For MY CRITERIA FOR ART page, go here: http://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=15503 Scroll down to the post below this one for my "Great Paintings - Extended List". Or, CLICK HERE: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=465089#465089 Greatest Paintings, Sculpture and Architecture of All Time SCROLL DOWN for the version with IMAGES AND LINKS DUE TO THE NUMBER OF IMAGES ON THIS PAGE, I RECOMMEND LETTING IT SIT AND LOAD FOR ABOUT A MINUTE OR TWO BEFORE SCROLLING IF YOU WANT THEM MOST/ALL TO BE AVAILABLE. THIS IS OF COURSE AN ESTIMATE AND WILL VARY DEPENDING ON THE SPEED OF YOUR COMPUTER/DEVICE RATINGS NOTE: For Architecture ratings I include any "structural" sculpture and/or primarily decorative (not stand alone) sculpture that is still essentially among its "structure" (most obviously this would mean relief sculptures that make up the walls, as in Borobodur or Angkor Wat or Kailasa Temple, or as with any Gothic church oftentimes with sculpture on its walls, roof, portals, or as with the facade of the Florence Duomo...etc). I also include any primarily decorative mosaics, stained glass or similarly structural art that are primarily for the purpose of decorating the building interior or exterior and not intended so much as a stand alone work by a singular artist making a more personalized statement. For example, with St. Peter's Basilica all the sculptures along the top of the Facade, lining the roof of the Colonnade, are primarily decorative and an inherent element to its structural expression, far less as stand alone works. As well, there are various angelic and niche sculptures that are part of the interior walls or that float/hang along the upper walls, which are also primarily decorative and inherent elements to its structural expression, far less as stand alone works. More to the contrary, Bernini's Saint Peter's Chair and Baldachinno are much more "stand alone" works by an artist making a singular (not mostly decorative) and personalized stamp on them, even though it is also true that he is also implementing them, compositionally, in to the ensemble of St. Peter's as a whole. So although an argument could be made the other way, these are too artistically idiomatic and of Bernini as a rather singular artist and are not considered part of the overall rating and so would be rated separately. The biggest factor in addition to their stand alone stature as works of art is that they aren't really part of or attached to its architectural structure (the building walls, columns, ceilings...); rather, they were separately and exclusively added later -- the Baldachinno being particularly "stand alone", whereas Saint Peter's Chair was sculpted in part as illusionistically coming "through" and expanding along and out from the Apse end wall (so this one could be more arguable as regards "structural" sculpture). An example of mosaics being treated as part of the architecture rating would be Monreale Cathedral whose mosaics are very similar to other theological mosaic programs across Italy among the same period (hence, primarily decorative, not so much "stand alone" works), are physically embedded in its structure and (as far as I know) were produced by a group of artisans, not by or led by a singularly minded artist putting a more personalized stamp on them. They are more beautiful and elaborate than most or perhaps any, but "artistically" or "technically" were more or less illustrating a similar artistic and theological plan of other such Churches of the same period (Palermo for example). Simply put, these are primarily "decorative" and embedded in as the physical interior of the Church, primarily serving that purpose and not making themselves known so much as stand alone works beyond that program. In a similar sense, stained glass windows (particularly of the Gothic period and most other Churches) would count within the architectural rating/ranking as even in very extraordinary cases (like Sainte-Chapelle) these tend to be primarily decorative and produced by a group of artisans (not so much a singular artistic vision) and are direct, inherent structural and interdependent facets to its walls, verticality, and so on. This can all be a bit of a judgement call of course and sometimes it is very close whether it should count or not, and sometimes I may change my mind later. I do my best to maintain consistency so every work gets its fair due respect as regards their full ratings/rankings. Note that any listing of "Structural" Sculpture also automatically includes any primarily decorative sculpture within that description, especially where such is directly attached to or part of its structure (basically one and the same, "structural" being the overriding requirement, hence the most important descriptor). To further clarify, this would always include such decorative sculpture that is also part of an entrance or gate or causeway of the structure of a work (such as the guardian lions of the causeway to Angkor Wat). I mention this because these can be sometimes be confused as "stand alone" because they seem free or separate from the main structure, but in such a case they are not and are similarly counted. Note that typically all windows, structural glass, counts towards the architectural evaluation and this will usually be assumed without saying (especially with more modern buildings). I only specify this separately where there is an additional visual art added to it as in stained glass so that it is understood that this is being fully included as part of the architectural rating -- as in, the stained glass artistry and design is being included just as the decorative, design and visual artistry of the other building structure, interior and exterior would be. There are of course potential exceptions to separating these, such as where a single artist led or personally produced (as a combined program) all a sites' architecture, sculpture, paintings (and any other accompanying genre). In such cases, it is likely I would count everything together no matter how much any of it should alone be considered decorative, structural, or not. Where I state to the right of a selection (in brackets) that the work is both, for example: , means that all sculpture among that work counts towards the rating/ranking and does not need to be separately specified as to which type (of sculpture). Where I detail this more such as would mean there are other more "stand alone" sculptures on the site of that work that are not being included in the overall rating (with St. Peter's this would include St Peter's Chair and the Baldachinno and Michelangelo's Pieta as the main examples) and I am specifying that what is being counted among its architecture are its structural, primarily decorative sculptures. In the case of, for instance, (or similar "and/or" descriptive in brackets) means it can be counted as either architecture "and/or" sculpture and any or all of this applies to the rating/ranking (for instance, the Lalibela Church complex or Kailasa Temple are simultaneously "architecture" as well as its "architecture" having been "sculpted" out of the depth of its surface, so can be counted as both or each in any given part). WARNING: SOME IMAGES MAY BE NSFW, DISTURBING AND/OR UNSUITABLE FOR CHILDREN Greatest Paintings, Sculpture and Architecture of All Time INCOMPLETE / IN-PROGRESS SCROLL DOWN for the version with IMAGES AND LINKS The following key applies solely to this "text-only" list (not applicable to the "Images and Links" version below) BOLD = Recently added to this list BOLD + Italics = Recently was upgraded or downgraded from prior rating/ranking 9.9/10 Sistine Chapel Ceiling and The Last Judgment - Michelangelo Buonarroti (1508 - 1512; 1535 - 1541) / Sistine Chapel, Vatican City, Rome, Italy 9.1/10 The Garden of Earthly Delights - Hieronymus Bosch (probably circa 1503-1505) / Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain 9.0/10 The Last Supper - Leonardo da Vinci (circa 1495 - 1498) / Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan, Italy Angkor Wat - Started by Suryavarman II; Completed by Jayavarman VII (circa 1122 - 1150; Note: there are various anomalies that may suggest an earlier date of construction -- perhaps even much earlier) / Siem Reap, Cambodia 8.9/10 Alhambra - Muhammad I Ibn al-Ahmar; later additions overseen by Yusuf I and Muhammad V (initial structure: 1250; several alterations thereafter through the 1600s) / Granada, Spain Early Bourgeois Revolution in Germany - Werner Tubke (1976 - 1987) / Panorama Museum, Bad Frankenhausen, Thuringia, Germany 8.8/10 St. Peter's Basilica - Principal Architects: Donato Bramante (Original design and began construction of central Greek Cross plan: 1503 - 1514); Michelangelo Buonarroti (Revised plan and construction with updated Greek Cross design heavily informing the final result less the later addition of Maderno's Nave and Facade; revision and main design of the central Dome: 1546 - 1564); Carlo Maderno (Revised to Latin Cross plan with addition of central Nave; addition of Facade: 1603 - 1629); Gian Lorenzo Bernini (Revision of St. Peter's Square, addition of Colonnade: 1656 - 1667) (Building completed and opened by 1626; various revisions and additions thereafter) / Vatican City, Rome, Italy Notre-Dame de Paris - Main construction principally directed under Bishop Maurice de Sully (1163 - 1260, main construction; various additions, updates, restorations thereafter; reconstruction of fleche and roof from fire damages: 2019 - 2024) / Parvis Notre-Dame – Place Jean-Paul-II, Paris, France 8.7/10 Taj Mahal - Ustad Ahmad Lahauri (1631 - 1653) / Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India 8.6/10 Registan Square - Ulugh Beg (1417 - 1420); Yalangtoʻsh Bahodir (1619 - 1636; 1646 - 1660) / Samarkand, Uzbekistan 8.5/10 Guernica - Pablo Picasso (1937) / Museo Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain 8.4/10 Potala Palace - Lozano Gyatso, 5th Dalai Llama (1645 - 1694; some additions thereafter) / Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China Hagia Sophia - Directed by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I; Designed by Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles (Current Main Structure: 532 - 537; various changes, additions thereafter) Sagrada Família - Antoni Gaudí (Gaudi: 1883 - 1926, unfinished; Still under construction) / Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Kailasa Temple - King Krishna I (circa 773) / Ellora Caves (Cave 16), Aurangabad district, Maharashtra, India 8.3/10 Borobudur - Gunadharma (circa 842?) / Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey - William of Volpiano (1060; Romanesque Church of the Abbey, Transept); Abbot of Torigni (1100s; structural reinforcement, main facade of Church); various modifications, reinforcements, thereafter (especially 1215 - 1228; various additions through 1390s) / Manche, Normandy, France Sainte-Chapelle - Jean de Chelles or Thomas de Cormont (1242 - 1248) / Paris, France Lalibela Rock-Hewn Churches Complex - Gebre Meskel Lalibela (Architects unknown, construction was under the rule of Gebre Meskel Lalibela, circa 1181 - 1221; probably modified at various stages thereafter) / Ethiopian Highlands near Lalibela, Ethiopia 8.2/10 The Beethoven Frieze - Gustav Klimt (1902) / Secession Building, Vienna, Austria Metamorphose de Narcisse - Salvador Dali (1937) / Tate Modern, London, England 8.1/10 Florence Cathedral - Arnolfo di Cambio (1294 - 1302); Giotto (Bell Tower: 1334 - 1337); Filippo Brunelleschi (Dome: 1420 - 1436) (Completed 1436; Emilio De Fabris, Marble Facade: 1887) / Florence, Italy The Conversion of Saul and The Crucifixion of St. Peter - Michelangelo Buonarroti (circa 1542 - 1545; circa 1546 - 1550) / Pauline Chapel, Vatican City, Rome, Italy Europe After The Rain II - Max Ernst (1940 - 1942) / Wadsworth Athenaeum, Hartford, Connecticut, USA The Last Judgment - Hieronymus Bosch (after 1482; probably circa 1500 - 1503) / Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna, Austria 8.0/10 Piazza dei Miracoli: Pisa Cathedral - Buscheto (Architect, 1064 - 1092) and Rainaldo (Facade, circa 1100); Pisa Baptistery of St. John - Diotisalvi (1152 - 1353, Pulpit: Nicolas Pisano, 1255 - 1260); Campinile (aka, "Leaning Tower of Pisa", 1173 - 1372) - Diotisalvi, then Benenato (1233 - 1259), Guido Speziale (1260 - 1272), Giovanni di Simone (1272 - 1284), Tommaso di Andrea Pisano (Bell Chamber, 1372); Camposanto Monumentale di Pisa - Giovanni di Simone (1278 - 1284, completed posthumously, 1464) / Pisa, Tuscany, Italy Chartres Cathedral - Master of Chartres (Anonymous French Architect) (early phase of construction from 1120s - circa 1165, with only the crypt, towers and West Facade surviving a fire of 1194; thereafter the main Gothic structure as currently seen was largely established structurally from 1194 - 1221; further completion and details from circa 1221 - circa 1250 with consecration in 1260; various modifications and additions thereafter) / Chartres, France https://www.alsace-360.fr/JustePourVoirNet/20110108CathedraleChartres/ Milan Cathedral - Begun by Simone da Orsenigo; Several architects thereafter (Begun 1386; several stages of development through 1965) / Milan, Italy David - Michelangelo Buonarroti (1501 - 1504) / Galleria dell’Accademia di Firenze, Florence, Italy Pieta - Michelangelo Buonarroti (1498 - 1499) / St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City, Rome, Italy Psicostasia - Dino Valls (2005) 7.9/10 Cologne Cathedral - Master Gerhard of Ryle (1248 - 1560, construction led by various architects after 1271; construction halted in 1560; resumed and completed 1842 - 1880) / Cologne, Germany Sydney Opera House - Jørn Utzon (1959 - 1973) / Bennelong Point, Sydney, Australia Monreale Cathedral - Begun by William II of Sicily in 1174; various modifications thereafter (1267) / Monreale, Sicily, Italy 7.8/10 The Pantheon - Apollodorus of Damascus (circa 113 - 125) / Rome, Italy The Sagrestia Nuova - Michelangelo Buonarroti (1520 - 1533; final composition completed later: 1559) / Medici Chapel, Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence, Italy The Kiss - Gustav Klimt (1907 - 1908) / Österreichische Galerie Belvedere, Vienna, Austria Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) - Salvador Dali (1954) / Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA 7.7/10 St Paul’s Cathedral - Christopher Wren (1675 - 1710) / London, England The Seven Heavenly Palaces 2004-2015 - Anselm Kiefer (2004 - 2015) / Pirelli HangarBicocca, Milan, Italy St. Matthew Cycle: The Calling of St. Matthew; The Inspiration of St. Matthew; The Martyrdom of St. Matthew - Michelangelo Caravaggio (1599 - 1600; 1602) / Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome, Italy The Triumph of Death - Pieter Bruegel the Elder (circa 1562) / Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain Isenheim Altarpiece - Matthias Grunewald (circa 1512 - 1516) 7.6/10 Geghard Monastery - Gregory the Illuminator (Monastery: 4th Century; Main Church: 1215; various additional chapels, architecture/sculpture: 1200s) / Kotayk Province, Armenia https://cyark.org/projects/monastery-of-geghard/panorama-tour Houses of Parliament - Charles Barry and Augustus Pugin (reconstructed: 1840 - 1876) / Westminster, London, United Kingdom Batalha Monastery - Afonso Domingues (1388 - 1402); Huguet (1402 - 1438 in which several Flamboyant Gothic elements were added; changed architects posthumously, continued construction, revisions, additions through completion circa 1517) / Batalha, Portugal Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque - Yusef Abdelki (1996 - 2007) Golden Gate Bridge - Joseph Strauss (1937) / San Francisco, California, USA Salisbury Cathedral - Richard Poore (1220 - 1330) / Salisbury, Wiltshire, England La Fabrica - Ricardo Bofill (1973 - 2022) / Sant Just Desvern, Catalonia, Spain Philosophy, Medicine & Jurisprudence - Gustav Klimt (1899 - 1907) Stanza della Segnatura - Raphael Sanzio (1511) The Night Watch - Rembrandt van Rijn (1638 - 1642) / Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Netherlands The Gates of Hell - Auguste Rodin (1889 "Expressionist" Version; Unfinished, revised between two main versions, 1880-1917; Bronze cast 1926-1928) The Virgin - Gustav Klimt (1913) Lloyd's Building - Richard Rogers (1978 - 1986) / London, England, UK Sainte-Cécile Cathedral - Bernard de Castanet (1280–1317); Dominique de Florence (approx. 1397–1410) (Main construction: 1282 - 1410; consecrated 1480) / Place Sainte-Cécile, Albi, France Water Lilies (Orangerie Museum) - Claude Monet (1918) >>>>>Süleymaniye Mosque https://www.360cities.net/bj/image/suleymaniye-mosque-suleymaniye-camii https://www.360cities.net/IT/image/istanbul-suleymaniye-mosque-1 https://www.360cities.net/image/suleymaniye-mosque-suleymaniye-camii-1 https://www.360cities.net/image/suleymaniye-mosque-istanbul https://www.flickr.com/photos/hapephotographix/55000721447/in/photostream/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kpU6FtePGek https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monuments%3BISL%3Btr%3BMon01%3B25%3Ben https://picturearch.com/yeni2.html >>>>>Toledo Cathedral https://www.airpano.com/360article/toledo-spain/ https://www.360cities.net/es/image/ayuntamiento-square-and-cathedral-of-toledo-spain https://www.360cities.net/cs/image/cathedral-place-in-toledo-spain https://www.360cities.net/image/procession-of-corpus-christi-toledo-spain https://www.360cities.net/image/toledo-calle-cardenal-cisneros https://www.360cities.net/image/the-interior-of-the-cathedral-toledo-spain https://www.360cities.net/image/catedral-toledo-interior-1 https://www.360cities.net/image/chapterhouse-of-the-cathedral-toledo-spain https://www.360cities.net/en/image/sacristy-of-the-cathedral-toledo-spain?pano_detail=true&portfolio_view=false https://www.360cities.net/zh/image/toledo-from-san-ildefonso-church-spain >>>>>Strasbourg Cathedral https://www.besteveralbums.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=737199#737199 The Starry Night - Vincent van Gogh (1889) 7.5/10 Death and the Maiden - Egon Schiele (1915) The Veiled Christ - Giuseppe Sanmartino (1753) / Cappella Sansevero, Naples, Italy Pena National Palace - Wilhelm Ludwig von Eschwege (1842 - 1854) / Sintra, Portugal Scrovegni Chapel - Giotto di Bondone (1305) Les Espaces d'Abraxas - Ricardo Bofill (1978 - 1983) / Noisy-le-Grand, Paris, France Santiago de Compostela Cathedral (original construction, primarily Romanesque: 1075 - 1211, Pricipal Architect: Bernard the Elder (late 1000s - mid 1100s?); Master Esteban (completed Romanesque Facade: 1103); Pórtico da Gloria, an early work of Romanesque sculpture, Master Mateo (completed 1188); Gothic construction, modifications (especially in the Cloister and some Interior features), more prominently major Baroque construction and modifications, these mainly from 1400s - circa 1770; most notably Fernando de Casas Novoa, constructing the North Tower (aka, da Carraca) and Baroque Facade (circa 1738 - 1760); various other, additions, modifications during that period and thereafter) Imam Mosque - Ali Akbar Isfahani (1611 - 1629) / Naqsh-e Jahan Square, Esfahan, Isfahan Province, Iran Fallingwater - Frank Lloyd Wright (1939) / Mill Run, Pennsylvania, USA The Persistence of Memory - Salvador Dali (1931) The Entire City - Max Ernst (1936) Virgin of the Rocks - Leonardo da Vinci (circa 1483-1486) Mona Lisa - Leonardo da Vinci (1505) Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I - Gustav Klimt (1907) Fall of the Angel - Anselm Kiefer (2022 - 2023) >>>>>Westminster Abbey https://www.westminster-abbey.org/learning/virtual-tours >>>>>Hungarian Parliament Building https://www.parlament.hu/web/orszaghaz/az-orszaghaz-tetoszintje >>>>>Lincoln Cathedral https://lincolncathedral.com/virtual-guided-tour/ Reims Cathedral - Jean d'Orbais (Principal Architect: 1210 - 1228; additional architects, construction, modifications thereafter with the main phase of construction from 1211 - 1275; further modifications through 1345, High Gothic, Rayonnant Style) / Reims, France https://www.hdmedia.fr/visite-virtuelle/hd/cbpeepK8d-cathedrale-reims-.html https://www.alsace-360.fr/JustePourVoirNet/20110308CathedraleReims/ Amiens Cathedral - Robert of Luzarches (1220 - 1228; Building Plan and Principal Architect); Thomas and Regnault de Cormont (1228 - 1258); Renaud de Cormont (1258 - 1288; Mostly constructed 1220 - circa 1270; modifications thereafter) / Amiens, France https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/amiens-arthum/map/panorama-tour Transfiguration - Raphael Sanzio (1519) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon - Pablo Picasso (1907) David - Donatello (circa 1440s) / Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence, Italy Sacré-Cœur Basilica - Paul Abadie (1875 - 1914) / Paris, France Ulm Minster - Heinrich Parler (Main Design and Principal Architect, mainly 1387 - 1391; continued construction and modification thereafter over centuries; first major construction phase: 1377 - 1543; further construction, modifications thereafter until 1890) / Ulm, Germany Dome of the Rock - Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (circa 685 - 692) / Jerusalem, Israel Metropolitan Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro - Edgar Fonseca (1979) / Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Basilica of Saint-Denis - Abbot Suger (Principal Architect, Main Construction including the Gothic innovations: 1135 - 1144; key Nave and Transept additions thereafter, mainly 1230 - 1280 with modifications thereafter) / Saint-Denis, France https://kuula.co/share/7JcFb/collection/7lFlw?fs=1&vr=1&zoom=1&sd=1&autorotate=0.04&autop=10&autopalt=1&thumbs=1&margin=4&inst=fr&info=1&logo=1&logosize=88&gcl=1 7.4/10 The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa - Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1647 - 1652) / Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome, Italy Apollo and Daphne - Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1625) Moses - Michelangelo Buonarroti (circa 1513 - 1515) / San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome, Italy Primavera - Sandro Botticelli (1482) Ghent Altarpiece - Jan van Eyck (1432) Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception - McGinnis & Walsh (Architects); Jan Henryk De Rosen (Interior Design) (1920 - 2017) / Washington, D.C., USA The Worship of the Golden Calf and The Last Judgment - Jacopo Tintoretto (1560 - 1563) / Madonna dell'Orto, Venice, Italy The Fight Between Carnival and Lent - Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1559) / Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria The Temptation of St. Anthony - Hieronymus Bosch (circa 1501) / Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisbon, Portugal Sarajevo - Omar El-Nagdi (1992) Portrait of the Bourgeoisie - David Alfaro Siqueiros (1939 - 1940) / Mexican Electricians Union, Mexico City, Mexico Sarajevo - Omar El-Nagdi (1992) >>>>>Jeronimos Monastery https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerónimos_Monastery https://artsandculture.google.com/story/OAVRGVd0mefOLA https://visitasvirtuais.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt/mj/ Aschenblume - Anselm Kiefer (1983-97) / Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA F-111 - James Rosenquist (1964 - 1965) / The Museum of Modern Art, New York , USA Eiffel Tower - Stephen Sauvestre (1887 - 1889) / 7th arrondissement, Paris, France City - Michael Heizer (1970 - 2022) / Garden Valley, Nevada, USA >>>>>Winchester Cathedral https://www.360cities.net/image/winchester-cathedral-grounds-in-springtime-april-2021 https://www.360cities.net/dh/image/winchester-cathedral-west-front https://www.360cities.net/image/winchester-cathedral-nave https://www.airvuz.com/video/Winchester-Cathedral-from-above?id=5f2062f834071f0f9e1fc48d https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bgeqkvRi7Oo https://www.airvuz.com/video/flying-through-winchester-cathedral?id=66cf58be78267900083a345b https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tbf9e5BE_EY >>>>Canterbury Cathedral https://virtualtour.canterbury-cathedral.org/ Gloucester Cathedral - Abbot Serlo (Original Architect; Norman (Romanesque) foundations: 1089 - 1120); possibly William de Ramsey or Thomas of Canterbury on various Gothic transformations; Abbot Frouster on the Great Cloister and Fan Vaulting (Gothic transformations: 1242 - 1457; this Gothic period is what shaped the Cathedral the most as we see it today: Early English Gothic Phase: 1242 - 1311, and Perpendicular Gothic Phase: 1351 - 1457; Cloisters: 1351 - 1412; Construction of Cathedral completed 1482; various modifications thereafter) Saint-Nicolas Church - Walter Maria Förderer (1971) / Heremence, Switzerland https://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/leglise-saint-nicolas-by-walter-maria-fa-rderer/ https://www.google.com/maps/place/Chiesa+cattolica+di+San+Nicola/@46.1809078,7.404781,3a,75y,204.86h,90t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1sHNcfkrr7vbB0a08w-5E9Dw!2e0!6shttps:%2F%2Fstreetviewpixels-pa.googleapis.com%2Fv1%2Fthumbnail%3Fcb_client%3Dmaps_sv.tactile%26w%3D900%26h%3D600%26pitch%3D0%26panoid%3DHNcfkrr7vbB0a08w-5E9Dw%26yaw%3D204.856!7i16384!8i8192!4m6!3m5!1s0x478ed904cae038ed:0x4eaa14598a56497!8m2!3d46.1804809!4d7.4044932!16s%2Fg%2F11g0mhfjhc?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDQwNS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D https://www.google.com/local/place/fid/0x478ed8dffeae9973:0x968ac26e08db42a5/photosphere?iu=https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/gps-cs-s/AHVAweqEF285kHjhef-MX-3Uq31QZs0Gn61hJh9vYyF7vy1DKRKTsfhEP0-v_9qfZPk0Kop0uI1NhudPZ72na-njvZBWc8mWYEjVSg2uRpb6cUKPHV5px8qh0qQ5Ja7peiNagx7PcPtO-w%3Dw160-h106-k-no-pi-9.745077-ya94.69336-ro-1.7536739-fo100&ik=CAoSF0NJSE0wb2dLRUlDQWdJQ2s3T3VOckFF >>>>>Bourges Cathedral France https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/mapping-gothic/bourges-cathedrale-saint-etienne Seville Cathedral - Alonso Martinez (Lead Architect of Main Structure, peak building period of: 1401 - 1506; after main structure completion, there were several variations and additions across centuries, each main period as follows: Main Gothic structure: 1401 - 1528; Renaissance additions/revisions: 1528 - 1593; Baroque additions/revisions: 1618 - 1758; Academic additions/revisions: 1758 - 1823; Gothic Revival additions/revisions: 1825 - 1928) / Seville, Andalusia, Spain The Crucifixion of Saint Peter and The Conversion of Saint Paul on the Road to Damascus - Michelangelo Caravaggio (1600 - 1601) / Cerasi Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome, Italy Legend of the True Cross - Piero della Francesca (1447 - 1466) / Basilica of San Francesco, Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy >>>>>Laon Cathedral https://www.flickr.com/photos/aengineer/albums/892644/ https://www.360cities.net/image/laon-cathedral-london https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/cathedrale-notre-dame-laon-france-7bb2abd7c8184170b090ce3e7624bd57 https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/work/w0000534 https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/mapping-gothic/laon-cathedrale-notre-dame https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/mapping-gothic/laon-cathedrale-notre-dame Abduction of a Sabine Woman - Giambologna (1583) TBD: Cappella Palatine, Palermo https://www.cappellapalatinapalermo.it/fotogallery/virtual-tour/ 7.3/10 Return of the Prodigal Son - Rembrandt van Rijn (circa 1667 - 1669) / Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia View of Toledo - El Greco (1599) Lucretia - Rembrandt van Rijn (1666) Netherlandish Proverbs - Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1559) / Gemäldegalerie, Berlin, Germany Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte - Georges Seurat (1886) Christ's Entry into Brussels in 1889 - James Ensor (1888) The Battle of Alexander at Issus - Albrecht Altdorfer (1529) / Alte Pinakothek, Munich, Germany Belshazzar's Feast - Rembrandt van Rijn (circa 1635 - 1638) / The National Gallery, London, England Cypresses - Vincent van Gogh (1889) Witches Sabbath (The Great He-Goat) - Francisco Goya (circa 1823) Las Meninas - Diego Velazquez (1656) The Descent from the Cross - Rogier van der Weyden (1435) Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp - Rembrandt van Rijn (1632) The Sleeping Venus - Paul Delvaux (1944) >>>>>Wells Cathedral https://exhibitatour.com/WellsCathedral/index.htm Laurentian Library - Michelangelo Buonarroti (1524 - 1534; completed thereafter, posthumously in 1571; Tribune of Elci rotunda added by Pasquale Poccianti in 1841) / Basilica di San Lorenzo di Firenze, Florence, Italy The Resurrection - Piero della Francesca (circa 1460) The Luncheon on the Grass - Edouard Manet (1863) >>>>>Church of Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp https://www.thewoodhouseny.com/journal/2018/6/20/the-chapel-at-ronchamp https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/html/modern https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/panos/Ronchamp/Exterior-1/ https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/panos/Ronchamp/Exterior-2/ https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/panos/Ronchamp/Exterior-3/ https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/panos/Ronchamp/Exterior-4/ https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/panos/Ronchamp/Exterior-5/ https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/panos/Ronchamp/Exterior-6/ https://projects.mcah.columbia.edu/ha/panos/Ronchamp/Chapel-1/ Rinaldo and Armida - Anthony van Dyck (1629) Tower of Babel - Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1563) / Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria The Procession To Calvary - Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1564) / Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria Church of the Holy Spirit - Imre Makovecz (1987 - 1991) / Paks, Hungary Castle in the Pyrenees - Rene Magritte (1959) / Israel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel The Scream - Edvard Munch (1893) Osiris and Isis - Anselm Kiefer (1985 - 1987) / San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, California, USA Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows - John Constable (1830 - 1831) / Tate, London, England The Road Ahead is Golden ...Silver ...Bronze - Hernan Bas (2011) / The City Rises - Umberto Boccioni (1910) / Museum of Modern Art, New York, USA Metropolis - George Grosz (1916 - 1917) / Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid, Spain Grundtvig's Church - Peder Vilhelm Jensen-Klint (1940) / Copenhagen, Denmark Vicious Circle - Jacek Malczewski (1895 - 1897) / National Museum, Poznań, Poland The War - Otto Dix (1929 - 1932) / Galerie Neue Meister, Dresden, Germany The Raft of the Medusa - Théodore Géricault (1819) Wheat Field With Cypresses - Vincent van Gogh (1889) Church of Atlantida - Eladio Dieste (1952 - 1960) / Estación Atlántida, Uruguay Rondanini Pieta - Michelangelo Buonarroti (circa 1552 - 1564; possibly unfinished or "an endless beginning") / Sforza Castle, Milan, Italy The Ambassadors - Hans Holbein the Younger (1533) Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque - Mohamed Makiya and Edgard Bali (1994 - 2001) La Muralla Roja - Ricardo Bofill (1968 - 1973) / Calpe, Alicante, Spain Road with Cypress and Star - Vincent van Gogh (1890) Kizhi Pogost: Church of Transfiguration; Church of Intercession - Master Nestor (1694; 1714) Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway - J.M.W. Turner (1844) Doni Tondo - Michelangelo Buonarroti (circa 1505 - 1506) / Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy Sacred Allegory - Giovanni Bellini (circa 1490-1500) Church on the Water - Tadeo Ando (1985 - 1988) / Nakatomamu, Shimukappu, Yufutsu District, Japan >>>>>Church of Gesù Nuovo https://www.annesitaly.com/2022/01/21/the-gesu-church-in-naples-the-mystery-of-the-musical-facade/ https://www.gesunuovo.it/English/En_chiesaGN.html https://360stories.com/naples/point/front-of-chiesa-del-gesu-nuovo Luzifer - Anselm Kiefer (2012 - 2023) The Adoration of the Magi - Peter Paul Rubens (1609; revised 1629) The Entombment of Christ - Michelangelo Caravaggio (1603 - 1604) / Pinacoteca Vaticana, Vatican City, Rome, Italy Sleeping Venus - Giorgione (1510) Ash Flower - Anselm Kiefer (2004) The Deposition - Michelangelo Buonarroti (circa 1547 - 1555; unfinished, abandoned) / Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence, Italy Vietnam II - Leon Golub (1973) / Tate Modern, London, England, UK Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss - Antonio Canova (1793) The Death of Socrates - Jacques-Louis David (1787) Pieta - Titian (1575 - 1576; probably unfinished) / Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice, Italy >>>>>St. Stephan’s Cathedral (Vienna) https://tour.discover-culture.com/?prod=6395 >>>>>Kings College Chapel https://www.virtualtour.study.cam.ac.uk/?x=ug&y=colleges&z=kings-college&language=undergraduate https://www.virtualtour.study.cam.ac.uk/?x=ug&y=colleges&z=kings-college&language=undergraduate Il Paradiso - Jacopo Tintoretto (assisted by son Domenico Tintoretto) (1588 - 1594) / Doge's Palace, Sala del Maggior Consiglio, Venice, Italy https://artsandculture.google.com/streetview/doge-s-palace/4QFjjBYv3YHJUA?hl=en-GB&sv_lng=12.340543863599217&sv_lat=45.43371039093834&sv_h=52.89344332939754&sv_p=15.795296644717638&sv_pid=BZ1IuuddVK-3vd1BdD5oTQ&sv_z=1.9595663886406423 Circus Sideshow - Georges Seurat (1888) The Crucifixion - Jacopo Tintoretto (1565) / Scuola Grande di San Rocco, Venice, Italy Laocoön and His Sons - Unknown Artist; suggested Athanadoros, Hagesandros, or Polydoros of Rhodes (circa 200 BC - 70 AD) / Vatican Museum, Vatican City, Rome, Italy Composition VII - Wassily Kandinsky (1913) / Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, Russia The Holy Trinity - Tommaso Masaccio (circa 1427) VERY ROUGH ESTIMATES — TOO RUINED TO RATE MORE CONFIDENTLY 8.8/10+: Petra (especially if the whole is counted in its entirety) 8.0/10+: The Parthenon - Iktinos and Callicrates (Architecture); Phidias (Sculpture) (447 BC - 432 BC) / Athens, Greece In progress… Matthias Church https://www.360cities.net/image/matthias-church-budapest-interior-view https://www.google.com/maps/place/The+Church+of+Our+Lady+of+Buda+Castle/@47.5019537,19.0341617,3a,90y,64.57h,109.72t/data=!3m8!1e1!3m6!1sCIHM0ogKEICAgIC4w5qk9QE!2e10!3e11!6shttps:%2F%2Flh3.googleusercontent.com%2Fgpms-cs-s%2FAFfmt2YqozhHSfr0hLk6_hgqLuYzGjShXPgEL4f0PFwxmVXzX91KN3Kf5fDVLzPrCTcu5Yq6Tj73m9zrVLjQ70uekHDAMbYgsZ5S2PyxX9mLgxaa-QclDcLQnyOHUEBDxZsZuRxZY8hjHQ%3Dw900-h600-k-no-pi-19.724561410733514-ya64.5742706349152-ro0-fo100!7i5376!8i2688!4m14!1m7!3m6!1s0x4741dc227e9e2bd7:0x62d0728c6f694ad5!2sThe+Church+of+Our+Lady+of+Buda+Castle!8m2!3d47.5019537!4d19.0341617!16zL20vMGJwdHoz!3m5!1s0x4741dc227e9e2bd7:0x62d0728c6f694ad5!8m2!3d47.5019537!4d19.0341617!16zL20vMGJwdHoz?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI2MDQwNy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D PROBABLY BEING DOWNGRADED TO THE LOWER LIST (6.8 - 7.2): 7.1/10: The Taking of Christ - Michelangelo Caravaggio (circa 1602) 7.1/10: Christ Cathedral - Philip Johnson and John Burgee (1977 - 1981; interior renovations in 2013) / Garden Grove, California, USA 7.1/10: Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption - Pier Luigi Nervi, Pietro Belluschi, John Michael Lee, Paul A. Ryan and Angus McSweeney (1971) / San Francisco, California, USA 7.1/10: MIT Stata Center - Frank Gehry (2001 - 2004) / Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA 7.1/10: Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health - Frank Gehry (2007 - 2010) / Las Vegas, Nevada, USA 7.1/10: Habitat 67 - Moshe Safdie (1964 - 1967) / Cité du Havre, Montreal, Quebec 7.1/10: Group X, Altarpieces, Nos. 1-3 - Hilma af Klint (1915) 7.1/10: Sistine Madonna - Raphael Sanzio (circa 1513 - 1514) / Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Dresden, Germany 7.1/10: Guggenheim Museum - Frank Gehry (1991 - 1997) / Abando, Bilbao, Spain 7.0/10: Chemosphere - John Lautner (1960) / Los Angeles, California, USA 7.0/10: Ennis House - Frank Lloyd Wright (1924) / Los Angeles, California, USA 7.0/10: Sheats-Goldstein Residence - John Lautner (1963; updated by Lautner between 1972-1994; additional modifications posthumously through 2004) 7.0/10: Basilica of the Sacred Heart - Albert Van Huffel (1919 - 1970) / Koekelberg, Brussels, Belgium 7.0/10: Quadrofarius - Artem Ogurtsov (2012) 7.0/10: Sandham Memorial Chapel: The Resurrection of the Soldiers & War Murals - Stanley Spencer (1929) 6.9/10: The Scroll - Shahzia Sikander (1990) 6.9/10: The Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces - Mikhail Fayantsev (2018 - 2020) / Patriot Park, Kubinka, Odintsovsky District, Moscow Oblast, Russia 6.8/10: Robie House - Frank Lloyd Wright (1910) / Chicago, Illinois, USA Virtual Tours: https://maphub.net/potdom/3d-virtual-museums ____________________ Greatest Paintings, Sculpture and Architecture of All Time INCOMPLETE / IN-PROGRESS 9.9/10 Sistine Chapel Ceiling and The Last Judgment - Michelangelo Buonarroti (1508 - 1512; 1535 - 1541) / Sistine Chapel, Vatican City, Rome, Italy Ceiling: Altar Wall - The Last Judgment: FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=611914#611914 9.1/10 The Garden of Earthly Delights - Hieronymus Bosch (probably circa 1503-1505) / Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=651213#651213 9.0/10 The Last Supper - Leonardo da Vinci (circa 1495 - 1498) / Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan, Italy FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=612344#612344 Angkor Wat - Started by Suryavarman II; Completed by Jayavarman VII (circa 1122 - 1150; Note: there are various anomalies that may suggest an earlier date of construction -- perhaps even much earlier) / Siem Reap, Cambodia FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=703270#703270 8.9/10 Alhambra - Muhammad I Ibn al-Ahmar; later additions overseen by Yusuf I and Muhammad V (initial structure: 1250; several alterations thereafter through the 1600s) / Granada, Spain FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=730150#730150 Early Bourgeois Revolution in Germany - Werner Tubke (1976 - 1987) / Bad Frankenhausen, Thuringia, Germany FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=651216#651216 8.8/10 St. Peter's Basilica - Principal Architects: Donato Bramante (Original design and began construction of central Greek Cross plan: 1503 - 1514); Michelangelo Buonarroti (Revised plan and construction with updated Greek Cross design heavily informing the final result less the later addition of Maderno's Nave and Facade; revision and main design of the central Dome: 1546 - 1564); Carlo Maderno (Revised to Latin Cross plan with addition of central Nave; addition of Facade: 1603 - 1629); Gian Lorenzo Bernini (Revision of St. Peter's Square, addition of Colonnade: 1656 - 1667) (Building completed and opened by 1626; various revisions and additions thereafter) / Vatican City, Rome, Italy FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS - Michelangelo Buonarroti: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=611914#611914 FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS - Gian Lorenzo Bernini: https://www.besteveralbums.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=651232#651232 Notre-Dame de Paris - Main construction principally directed under Bishop Maurice de Sully (1163 - 1260, main construction; various additions, updates, restorations thereafter; reconstruction of fleche and roof from fire damages: 2019 - 2024) / Parvis Notre-Dame – Place Jean-Paul-II, Paris, France FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=736745#736745 8.7/10 Taj Mahal - Ustad Ahmad Lahauri (1631 - 1653) / Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=662648#662648 8.6/10 Registan Square - Ulugh Beg (1417 - 1420); Yalangtoʻsh Bahodir (1619 - 1636; 1646 - 1660) / Samarkand, Uzbekistan FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=664424#664424 8.5/10 Guernica - Pablo Picasso (1937) / Museo Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=651219#651219 8.4/10 Potala Palace - Lozano Gyatso, 5th Dalai Llama (1645 - 1694; some additions thereafter) / Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=730193#730193 Hagia Sophia - Directed by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I; Designed by Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles (Current Main Structure: 532 - 537; various changes, additions thereafter) FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=736540#736540 Sagrada Família - Antoni Gaudí (Gaudi: 1883 - 1926, unfinished; Still under construction as of 2025) / Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=662601#662601 Kailasa Temple - King Krishna I (circa 773) / Ellora Caves (Cave 16), Aurangabad district, Maharashtra, India FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=720111#720111 8.3/10 Borobudur - Gunadharma (circa 842?) / Magelang Regency, Central Java, Indonesia FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=730179#730179 Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey - William of Volpiano (1060; Romanesque Church of the Abbey, Transept); Abbot of Torigni (1100s; structural reinforcement, main facade of Church); various modifications, reinforcements, thereafter (especially 1215 - 1228; various additions through 1390s) / Manche, Normandy, France FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=730751#730751 Sainte-Chapelle - Jean de Chelles or Thomas de Cormont (1242 - 1248) / Paris, France FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=730794#730794 Lalibela Rock-Hewn Churches Complex - Gebre Meskel Lalibela (Architects unknown, construction was under the rule of Gebre Meskel Lalibela, circa 1181 - 1221; probably modified at various stages thereafter) / Ethiopian Highlands near Lalibela, Ethiopia FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=664426#664426 8.2/10 The Beethoven Frieze - Gustav Klimt (1902) / Secession Building, Vienna, Austria FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=651217#651217 Metamorphose de Narcisse - Salvador Dali (1937) / Tate Modern, London, England FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=651222#651222 8.1/10 Florence Cathedral - Arnolfo di Cambio (1294 - 1302); Giotto (Bell Tower: 1334 - 1337); Filippo Brunelleschi (Dome: 1420 - 1436) (Completed 1436; Emilio De Fabris, Marble Facade: 1887) / Florence, Italy FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=663800#663800 The Conversion of Saul and The Crucifixion of St. Peter - Michelangelo Buonarroti (circa 1542 - 1545; circa 1546 - 1550) / Pauline Chapel, Vatican City, Rome, Italy The Conversion of Saul: The Crucifixion of St. Peter: FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=611914#611914 Europe After The Rain II - Max Ernst (1940 - 1942) / Wadsworth Athenaeum, Hartford, Connecticut, USA FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=651220#651220 The Last Judgment - Hieronymus Bosch (after 1482; probably circa 1500-1503) / Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna, Austria FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=651213#651213 8.0/10 Piazza dei Miracoli: Pisa Cathedral - Buscheto (Architect, 1064 - 1092) and Rainaldo (Facade, circa 1100); Pisa Baptistery of St. John - Diotisalvi (1152 - 1353, Pulpit: Nicolas Pisano, 1255 - 1260); Campinile (aka, "Leaning Tower of Pisa", 1173 - 1372) - Diotisalvi, then Benenato (1233 - 1259), Guido Speziale (1260 - 1272), Giovanni di Simone (1272 - 1284), Tommaso di Andrea Pisano (Bell Chamber, 1372); Camposanto Monumentale di Pisa - Giovanni di Simone (1278 - 1284, completed posthumously, 1464) / Pisa, Tuscany, Italy FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=664344#664344 Chartres Cathedral - Master of Chartres (Anonymous French Architect) (early phase of construction from 1120s - circa 1165, with only the crypt, towers and West Facade surviving a fire of 1194; thereafter the main Gothic structure as currently seen was largely established structurally from 1194 - 1221; further completion and details from circa 1221 - circa 1250 with consecration in 1260; various modifications and additions thereafter) / Chartres, France FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=663579#663579 Milan Cathedral - Simone da Orsenigo (Begun 1386; several architects and several stages of development through 1965) / Milan, Italy FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=730259#730259 David - Michelangelo Buonarroti (1501 - 1504) / Galleria dell’Accademia di Firenze, Florence, Italy FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=611914#611914 Pieta - Michelangelo Buonarroti (1498 - 1499) / St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City, Rome, Italy FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=611914#611914 Psicostasia - Dino Valls (2005) Warning: especially NSFW, potentially offensive content. The offensiveness that some (many?) might find in this work is not the artist's main point or what the work is really about. Though its startling nature gives it a certain shock value, adds elements of horror, concern, anxiety, sympathy, empathy (for its characters, plus how you confront them and how they are confronting you; also that they are life-sized and it is very intentional that they are rendered uncannily, even uncomfortably realistic...), it's nevertheless way more profound and meaningful than this. In any case, this note is a warning to you in advance that this is probably the most NSFW, potentially offensive work on this list. Click below if still interested... FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=651235#651235 7.9/10 Cologne Cathedral - Master Gerhard of Ryle (1248 - 1560, construction led by various architects after 1271; construction halted in 1560; resumed and completed 1842 - 1880) / Cologne, Germany FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=737003#737003 Sydney Opera House - Jørn Utzon (1959 - 1973) / Bennelong Point, Sydney, Australia FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=664266#664266 Monreale Cathedral - Begun by William II of Sicily in 1174; various modifications thereafter (1267) / Monreale, Sicily, Italy FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=663643#663643 7.8/10 The Pantheon - Apollodorus of Damascus (circa 113-125 AD) / Rome, Italy FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=663505#663505 The Sagrestia Nuova - Michelangelo Buonarroti (1520 - 1533; final composition completed later: 1559) / Medici Chapel, Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence, Italy FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=611914#611914 The Kiss - Gustav Klimt (1907 - 1908) / Österreichische Galerie Belvedere, Vienna, Austria FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=651217#651217 Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus) - Salvador Dali (1954) / Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=651222#651222 The Parthenon - Iktinos and Callicrates (Architecture); Phidias (Sculpture) (447 BC - 432 BC) / Athens, Greece With Partially Reconstructed Pediment: FURTHER IMAGES, LINKS, NOTES/ANALYSIS: https://www.besteveralbums.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=663997#663997

AfterHours

Gender: Male

Location: The Zone

Tiziano Vecellio ("Titian") (circa 1488 - 1576)

IN PROGRESS ... SEVERAL MORE TO ADD ... ALL TITIAN RATINGS STILL UNDER REVIEW (none, even where listed, are "final")...

Best Works:
7.1/10: Assumption of the Virgin (1516 - 1518) [Painting]
7.0/10: Presentation of the Virgin at the Temple (1534 - 1538) [Painting]
7.2/10: Venus of Urbino (1538) [Painting]
7.3/10: Pieta (1575 - 1576; probably unfinished) [Painting]

Assumption of the Virgin - Titian (1516 - 1518) / Basilica di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, Venice, Italy [Painting]

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FULL VIEW - SMALL: https://i0.wp.com/simplykalaa.com/wp-co...&ssl=1
FULL VIEW - MEDIUM: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Tizian_041.jpg
FULL VIEW - MEDIUM - ALTERNATE LIGHTING: https://fraryguitar.com/europe_images/Frari_1317sign.jpg
FULL VIEW - ZOOM FUNCTION: https://www.facebook.com/wheninvenice/p...8855/?_rdr
DETAIL: https://venezianews.b-cdn.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/14_putto-a-dx-copia.jpg
DETAIL: https://www.guidedtoursinvenice.com/file/textarea/blobid1665058305429.jpg
IMAGE - SCALE: https://live-save-venice.pantheonsite.i...68x498.png

Venus of Urbino - Titian (1538) / Uffizi, Florence, Italy [Painting]

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FULL VIEW - LARGE: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/...roject.jpg
FULL VIEW - LARGEST SIZE, RESOLUTION AND HIGHEST QUALITY - ZOOM FUNCTION: https://www.haltadefinizione.com/visualizzatore/opera/venere-di-urbino-tiziano-vecellio
PHOTO GALLERY - VERY HQ - FULL AND DETAIL VIEWS - ZOOM FUNCTION: https://www.uffizi.it/en/artworks/venus-urbino-titian
PHOTO GALLERY - VERY HQ - FULL AND DETAIL VIEWS: https://www.flickr.com/photos/profzucker/50227492866/in/photostream/
IMAGE - SCALE: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Uffizi_Venus_of_Urbino_August_2022.jpg

Presentation of the Virgin at the Temple - Titian (1534 - 1538) / Scoula Grande di S. Maria della Carità, Venice, Italy [Painting]

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FULL VIEW - MEDIUM: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/...222%29.jpg
FULL VIEW - LARGE: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/...281%29.JPG
PHOTO GALLERY _ FULL AND DETAIL VIEWS: https://www.gallerieaccademia.it/en/pre...lla-carita
PHOTO GALLERY - SOME VIEWS, DETAILS OF THE ROOM AND PAINTING PLUS SURROUNDINGS: https://universes.art/en/art-destinations/venice/museums/accademia/first-floor/sala-dell-albergo
IMAGE - SCALE: https://www.christianiconography.info/E...rdSize.jpg

"Poesies" Series

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Pieta - Titian (1575 - 1576; probably unfinished) / Gallerie dell'Accademia, Venice, Italy [Painting]

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FULL VIEW - MEDIUM: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Tiziano%2C_piet%C3%A0%2C_1576%2C_01.JPG
FULL VIEW - LARGE: https://www.guidedtoursinvenice.com/file/textarea/blobid1630416053555.jpg
FULL VIEW - LARGE: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/...Titian.jpg
PHOTO GALLERY - FULL AND DETAIL VIEWS: https://www.flickr.com/photos/profzucker/9483086740/in/photostream/
DETAIL: https://www.guidedtoursinvenice.com/file/textarea/blobid1630416195077.jpg
DETAIL: https://www.guidedtoursinvenice.com/file/textarea/blobid1630416126074.jpg
DETAIL: https://www.guidedtoursinvenice.com/file/textarea/blobid1630416267528.jpg
DETAIL: https://www.guidedtoursinvenice.com/file/textarea/blobid1630416379243.jpg
DETAIL: https://www.guidedtoursinvenice.com/file/textarea/blobid1630416484307.jpg
IMAGE - SCALE: https://logasawara.typepad.com/.a/6a00d834535cc569e20240a4c4a80f200b-pi
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Best Classical
Best Films
Best Paintings

AfterHours

Gender: Male

Location: The Zone

Andrea Pozzo (1642 - 1709)

IN PROGRESS...

Best Works:
Not Rated Yet/10: Saint Ingnatius Cycle (1685 - 1694) [Painting]

Nave Ceiling Panorama - Apotheosis of St. Ignatius:

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FULL VIEW - NAVE CEILING PANORAMA - APOTHEOSIS OF ST IGNATIUS - LARGE: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/..._Pozzo.jpg
FULL VIEW - NAVE CEILING PANORAMA - APOTHEOSIS OF ST IGNATIUS - VERY LARGE: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/..._Pozzo.jpg
FULL VIEW - NAVE CEILING PANORAMA - APOTHEOSIS OF ST IGNATIUS - ZOOM FUNCTION: https://www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk/andrea-pozzo-ceiling-santignazio-church-rome-1685
FULL VIEW - NAVE CEILING PANORAMA - APOTHEOSIS OF ST IGNATIUS - HIGHEST QUALITY AND LARGEST RESOLUTION - ZOOM FUNCTION: https://www.haltadefinizione.com/en/viewer/work/glory-of-saint-ignatio-andrea-pozzo
PHOTO GALLERY - FULL AND DETAIL VIEWS - NAVE CEILING PANORAMA - APOTHEOSIS OF ST IGNATIUS: https://www.flickr.com/photos/profzucker/50647228931/in/photostream/

NOTE: THE NAVE CEILING PANORAMA IS THE MOST FAMOUS BUT I WILL PROBABLY INCLUDING THE WHOLE ST IGNATIUS CYCLE IN THE NAVE AND ADDITIONAL PARTS OF THE CHURCH AND AS "ONE" UNIFIED, RATED, WORK (rating under review, will be updated soon, along with additional images/links to the additional parts)
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Best Classical
Best Films
Best Paintings

AfterHours

Gender: Male

Location: The Zone

Gaudenzio Ferrari (1471 - 1546)

Best Works:
6.5/10: Stories of the Life of Christ (1513) [Painting]

Stories of the Life of Christ - Gaudenzio Ferrari (1513) / Santa Maria delle Grazie, Varallo, Italy [Painting]

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FULL VIEW - HIGHEST QUALITY AND LARGEST RESOLUTION - ZOOM FUNCTION: https://www.haltadefinizione.com/visual...io-ferrari
PHOTO GALLERY: https://www.flickr.com/photos/94185526@N04/27261030785/in/photostream/
_________________
Best Classical
Best Films
Best Paintings

AfterHours

Gender: Male

Location: The Zone

Jacek Malczewski (1854 - 1929)

Best Works:
7.3/10: Vicious Circle (1895 - 1897) [Painting]

Vicious Circle - Jacek Malczewski (1895 - 1897) / National Museum, Poznań, Poland [Painting]

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FULL VIEW - VERY LARGE: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Bledne_kolo.jpg
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Best Classical
Best Films
Best Paintings

Last edited by AfterHours on 07/25/2025 03:32; edited 1 time in total

AfterHours

Gender: Male

Location: The Zone

Link

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Best Classical
Best Films
Best Paintings

AfterHours

Gender: Male

Location: The Zone

Unintentional post...
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Best Classical
Best Films
Best Paintings

AfterHours

Gender: Male

Location: The Zone

Link

_________________
Best Classical
Best Films
Best Paintings

AfterHours

Gender: Male

Location: The Zone

Early Greek Sculpture - Unattributed or Unknown Artists

Best Works:
7.3/10: Laocoön and His Sons - Unknown Artist; suggested Athanadoros, Hagesandros, or Polydoros of Rhodes (circa 200 BC - 70 AD) [Sculpture]

Laocoön and His Sons - Unknown Artist; suggested Athanadoros, Hagesandros, or Polydoros of Rhodes (circa 200 BC - 70 AD) / Vatican Museum, Vatican City, Rome, Italy [Sculpture]

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MAIN CENTRAL FRONTAL VIEW - VERY LARGE: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Laocoon_and_His_Sons.jpg
MAIN CENTRAL FRONTAL VIEW - EXTRA LARGE: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg
ALTERNATE VIEW - VIEWER'S RIGHT - LARGE: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Laocoon_and_His_Sons%2C_Vatican.jpg
PHOTO GALLERY - SEVERAL VIEWS, ANGLES, DETAILS - HQ: https://www.flickr.com/photos/profzucker/51881831967/in/photostream/
DETAIL - HEAD OF OLDER SON: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Laocoon_group_closeup_4.jpg

Notes…

Hellenistic monument depicting raw human agony and the inevitability of fate. The statue portrays the Trojan priest and his two sons struggling against giant sea serpents sent by the gods to silence his warnings about the Trojan Horse.

Divine Injustice & Hubris: Unlike many classical works celebrating heroic victory, this statue highlights tragedy and divine cruelty. Laocoön, an innocent figure trying to save his city, is destroyed alongside his sons at the altar. It reflects a shift in philosophy where divine benevolence is questioned, showing the helplessness of mortals against divine will.

The Struggle Between Order and Chaos: The sculpture perfectly encapsulates the Hellenistic aesthetic, symbolizing mortality and the chaos of the world overriding human order and reason.

Tragedy of Right Action: Laocoön is a symbol of wisdom ignored and right actions punished. He suffers not for doing wrong, but for speaking the truth (such as famously warning "Beware of Greeks bearing gifts").

Visual Analysis and Pathos

Expressions of Suffering: Each figure experiences a different tier of agony: Laocoön reveals a deep, weary defeat; the younger son looks up in helplessness and confusion; and the older son reacts with sheer panic and horror as he tries to free himself.

The Paradox of Beauty and Pain: The statue balances highly disfiguring physical pain with classical physical perfection. As noted by the critic Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, if the pain were depicted with total, ugly realism, it would repel the viewer. Instead, the artists transformed the suffering into a sense of pathos, evoking pity and awe rather than disgust.

Physical Vulnerability: The writhing, muscular bodies and serpentine movements draw the viewer's eye across the pyramid of the composition. The exposed skin and tangled musculature emphasize the ultimate vulnerability of mankind when faced with forces beyond their control.

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Goethe…

Goethe's analysis of the ancient marble statue Laocoön and His Sons—housed in the Vatican Museums—was a cornerstone of his classical aesthetic theory. He viewed the sculpture as the pinnacle of classical art because it portrayed intense bodily agony while maintaining aesthetic beauty and dignified restraint.Goethe’s insights on the famous Trojan priest and his sons centered on three major aesthetic principles:

1. The Representation of Pain and "Noble Simplicity"

Goethe, much like his predecessor Johann Joachim Winckelmann, was fascinated by how the ancient sculptors handled suffering. Instead of showing the grim, disfiguring violence of real-life strangulation and venom, the artists transformed physical anguish into "sensuously pleasing" (or anmutig) art. He noted that Laocoön's face is plaintive and distressed, yet maintains a certain nobility and quiet dignity.

2. The Famous "Scream" (Why Laocoön Doesn't Cry Out)

One of Goethe's most famous contributions to the Laocoön discourse was resolving the question of why the priest does not let out a loud, agonized scream. Rather than viewing it as merely a stylistic choice, Goethe deduced that it was a physical and anatomical necessity. He concluded that Laocoön could not cry out. Because his chest is constricted, his torso is twisted, and his diaphragm is in absolute spasm from the serpent's constricting venom, his ability to breathe—let alone shout—is fully suppressed.

3. Unity of Action and Movement

Goethe argued that all actions, poses, and expressions of the three figures were derived from the initial, unifying concept of the group: Every muscle and limb visually communicates the fatal, venomous struggle.The agony serves not just to express pain, but to demonstrate a profound unity of the body succumbing to its tragic fate under divine judgment.

_________

Milestonerome.com, Warburg, etc…

Aby Warburg (Hamburg 1866 – 1929) gave an important contribute to the interpretation of the Laocoön. Warburg was an innovative art scholar who found a new multidisciplinary approach to the scientific study of art history at the crossroads between 19th and 20th centuries. Maintaining the survival of Antique in later ages of figurative expression and especially in the Renaissance as the main trail for his researches, he has been considered as a “scientist of the images” by Horst Bredekamp.

Warburg meditated on the Laocoön in range of his researches focusing on the anthropologic value of the symbols in primitive religions and their legacy in artistic representation, as explained in his study later called “A lecture on serpent ritual”, which testified to his inspirational travel among the Hopi Indians in New Mexico and Arizona between 1895-1896. In particular, the snake was significantly considered by him as one of the most essential symbols in several archaic rituals, deeply linked to the common religious needs of mankind. It embodied the destructive power of the underworld and found in the Laocoön the most incisive tragic symbol, contributing to the pathos of the sculptural group as personification of the supreme human suffering.

Moment, Movement and Pathos

Warburg’s main interest towards the Laocoön and his Sons resided however in his researches on the mythical pathos in Ancient culture, as shown in the gestures and movements of the human body. He thus characterized the group sculpture of the Laocoön as the emblematic object of study for artistic representation of the movement, ranging from the emotional to the formal registers. In particular, in the Laocoön, visually captured in a transience moment, he recognized an intense and lively nucleus of pathos, masterly expressed through the motion of the shapes. In this case, he intended thus to analyze the artistic expression of the body uncontrollably dominated and pushed in motion by an external force, which contributes to the revived expression of human pain. The snakes wrapping up the bodies of the hero and his sons design the track of that motion, as the principle of the group composition.

This attention to the dynamic representation in Ancient art already arose in German culture at the end of the 18th century. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe focused on the involving movement expressed within the sculptural group, so that he recommended the visitor to squint in order to see the group entering in motion with a strobe effect, which is called “flicker effect” in experimental cinema (read more also on his stay in Rome and the Roman Elegies). He then highlighted the ability of this artwork to animate itself while representing a fleeting instant and brought into question Winckelmann’s paradigm on Ancient beauty, when he wrote, probably referring to Laocoön:

The ancients, as I have tried to show elsewhere, avoided not so much what was ugly as what was false. […] This is to me the proof that the excellence of the ancients is to be sought in something other than the creation of beauty.

The Soviet director Sergei Eisenstein (Riga 1898 – Moscow 1948) wrote that the lived expression of pain in the static marble of the Laocoön is rendered through the illusion of movement, reached by melting in a single image different aspects of bodily movements not usually visible at the same time.

A modern “paragone” between art and poetry

Linked to his aim to finally surpass the common aesthetic consideration of art, Aby Warburg’s thoughts around the Laocoön are a critic response to the comparison between textual and visual arts by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, explained in his “Laokoon: oder über die Grenzen der Malerei und Poesie”, published in 1766. In Lessing’s opinion, the effect caused by the sculpture was essentially connected to its ethic and aesthetic value, as already suggested by Johann Joachim Winckelmann. Lessing’s text opened with a citation from “Reflections on the painting and sculpture of the Greeks” by Winckelmann:

Laocoön suffers, but he suffers like the Philoctetes of Sophocles; his anguish pierces our very soul, but at the same time we wish that we were able to endure our suffering as well as this great man does.

Lessing, however, exceeded Winckelmann’s comparison between Laocoön and Philoctetes and counterpoised the emotional and expressive power of sole poetry to the static beauty of sculpture. According to Lessing, in fact, the dimension of poetry was the only one animated by passions, actions and movements; visual arts, on the contrary, could merely cause pleasure through beauty.

Warburg certainly knew the aesthetic theories by Winckelmann on the classic model of ideal beauty: he cited in fact the same work mentioned by Lessing in his “Grundlegende Bruchstücke”, collecting his reflections between 1888-1903, whereas the draft for a seminar given in Bonn on the 24 May 1889 merged the remarks, arisen during his first stay in Florence, around that modern “paragone delle arti”, the ideal debate on the distinct abilities of poetry and figurative arts activated by Lessing.

The Laocoön and his Sons never ceased to influence the art world thereafter: while serving as an enduring source of inspiration for artists, it triggered a deep debate contributing to shape and compare the evolving theories in art historiography. Its oppressed wiggling movements together with its silent yet dreadful pain endure with the same intensity trough the ages of history. Warburg’s interpretation of its pathos has taught us to see the Ancient artworks in a different way, considering them no more as merely beautiful repertories or precious objects, yet also as the always active nests of relationships between the creative power of style, often representing the temporary essentiality chosen from the animated flow of the reality, and the symbolic expression of the most intense emotions belonging to human culture.
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Last edited by AfterHours on 4 days ago; edited 5 times in total

AfterHours

Gender: Male

Location: The Zone

Byzantine Emperor Justinian I (482 - 565), Isidore of Miletus (442 - 537) and Anthemius of Tralles (474 - 534)

Best Works:
8.4/10: Hagia Sophia (Current Main Structure: 532 - 537; various changes, additions thereafter) [Architecture and Mosaics]

Hagia Sophia - Directed by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I; Designed by Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles (Current Main Structure: 532 - 537; various changes, additions thereafter) [Architecture, including Mosaics and Stained Glass]

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PHOTO GALLERY - FLOOR PLANS, SEVERAL VIEWS AND DETAILS - HQ: https://www.flickr.com/photos/profzucker/14251995586/in/photostream/
PHOTO GALLERY - EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR - HQ: https://www.flickr.com/photos/mingthein/34602875182/in/photostream/
PHOTO GALLERY - EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR - ALSO INFORMATIONAL, LABELS OF VARIOUS PARTS (under construction) - HQ: https://www.thebyzantinelegacy.com/hagia-sophia
360 DEGREE PANORAMA - EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR (Hagia Sophia, series also includes other famous Mosques of Instanbul): https://www.airpano.com/360photo/mosques-istanbul-turkey/
360 DEGREE PANORAMIC GALLERY OF HAGIA SOPHIA - VIRTUAL TOUR: https://www.360tr.com/hagia-sophia-upper-floor-1-panorama-virtual-tour_89ef68d7b5_en.html
360 DEGREE PANORAMA - NAVE AND PANORAMIC VIEW OF CEILING DOMES: https://www.360cities.net/image/hagia-sophia-istanbul
PHOTO GALLERY AND VIDEO - UP CLOSE NEAR THE CEILINGS AND CENTRAL DOME: https://www.keptlight.com/hagia-sophia-revisited/
VIDEO - EXTENSIVE TOUR, EXPLANATIONS, HQ PHOTOGRAPHY: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dwYeIBbdTw
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Best Classical
Best Films
Best Paintings

Last edited by AfterHours on 04/20/2026 00:37; edited 3 times in total

AfterHours

Gender: Male

Location: The Zone

Bishop Maurice de Sully (circa 1120 - 1196)

Best Works:
8.8/10: Notre-Dame de Paris - Main construction principally directed under Bishop Maurice de Sully (1163 - 1260, main construction; various additions, updates, restorations thereafter; reconstruction of fleche and roof from fire damages: 2019 - 2024 [Architecture, including Stained Glass and Structural Sculpture][/b]

Notre-Dame de Paris - Main construction principally directed under Bishop Maurice de Sully (1163 - 1260, main construction; various additions, updates, restorations thereafter; reconstruction of fleche and roof from fire damages: 2019 - 2024) / Parvis Notre-Dame – Place Jean-Paul-II, Paris, France [Architecture, including Stained Glass and Structural Sculpture]

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